22/06/2010

today is a great day...:)

how i can nothing ? actually its time for quite week to break some lecturer in college...

but i can.t feel this moment, why ?? its like ordinary week for me go to college from monday until thursday... subtitute class again and again... :(

i think in thursday ... i get some presentation for fulfil requirements one lesson, public administration compare.

so bored ... waiting my team turn very long time..

approximately beginning in 08.00 am until 12.30 am :(

not only waiting when my turn time is cut by break a half time...

huffff....

>>>

live in adi sukadana room, social science dan politic faculty --->

here we go.... check this out ... i am so excited

bla bla bla.... some ask from audience and i can explain clearly....

presentation success :D

>>>

some notification from instructor .....

my team as named ' jeru village' get the highest value in my class.... with score is 78... thanks my lord ... i am nothing without You... very long journey...

pkl ( praktek kuliah lapangan ) is one study lesson that i take for this semester...

i visited one village in tumpang, Malang for 3 days...

not only visited but also i doing many jobs , for example ask to some respondency, fill in tabulation, tabel calculation, convert some files to percentage, make a research, working paper, make a report in 100 page, make some slide presentation and finally presentation to all audience....

a lots of learn that i get from this chance : hardwork, solid team, cheerfull, sadly, illness ( i get typus for 2 week after pkl that i absent from college), dissapointed ( i cant follow finally exam for some lesson) and good value, absolutely :)

Rastafari movement

The Rastafari movement is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, new religious movement that arose in a Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s. Its adherents, who worship Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, former Emperor of Ethiopia (1930–1936 and 1941–1974), as the Second Advent, are known as Rastafarians, or Rastas. The movement is sometimes referred to as "Rastafarianism", but this term is considered derogatory and offensive by some Rastas, who dislike being labelled as an "ism".

Rastafari is not a highly organized religion; it is a movement and an ideology. Many Rastas say that it is not a "religion" at all, but a "Way of Life". Most Rastas do not claim any sect or denomination, and thus encourage one another to find faith and inspiration within themselves, although some do identify strongly with one of the "mansions of Rastafari" — the three most prominent of these being the Nyahbinghi, the Bobo Ashanti and the Twelve Tribes of Israel.

The name Rastafari is taken from Ras Tafari, the pre-regnal title of Haile Selassie I, composed of Amharic Ras (literally "Head," an Ethiopian title equivalent to Duke), and Haile Selassie's pre-regnal given name, Tafari. Rastafari are generally distinguished for asserting the doctrine that Haile Selassie I, the former, and final, Emperor of Ethiopia, is another incarnation of the Christian God, called Jah.They see Haile Selassie I as Jah or Jah Rastafari, who is the second coming of Jesus Christ onto the Earth.

The Rastafari movement encompasses themes such as the spiritual use of cannabis and the rejection of western society (called Babylon, in reference more to the metaphoric Babylon of Christianity than to the historical Mesopotamian city-state). It proclaims Africa (also "Zion") as the original birthplace of mankind, and embraces various Afrocentric social and political aspirations such as the sociopolitical views and teachings of Jamaican publicist, organizer, and black nationalist Marcus Garvey (also often regarded as a prophet).

Today, awareness of the Rastafari movement has spread throughout much of the world, largely through interest generated by reggae music. The most notable example is Jamaican singer/songwriter Bob Marley (died 1981). By 1997, there were around one million Rastafari faithful worldwide. About five to ten percent of Jamaicans identify themselves as Rastafari.

defining agnoticism

Defining agnosticism

Demographic research services normally list agnostics in the same category as atheists and/or non-religious people. Some sources use agnostic in the sense of noncommittal. Agnosticism often overlaps with other belief systems. Agnostic theists identify themselves both as agnostics and as followers of particular religions, viewing agnosticism as a framework for thinking about the nature of belief and their relation to revealed truths. Some nonreligious people, such as author Philip Pullman, identify as both agnostic and atheist.

Thomas Henry Huxley defined the term:

Agnosticism is not a creed but a method, the essence of which lies in the vigorous application of a single principle... Positively the principle may be expressed as in matters of intellect, do not pretend conclusions are certain that are not demonstrated or demonstrable.

Qualifying agnosticism

Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume contended that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt. He asserted that the fallibility of human beings means that they cannot obtain absolute certainty except in trivial cases where a statement is true by definition (i.e. tautologies such as "all bachelors are unmarried" or "all triangles have three corners"). All rational statements that assert a factual claim about the universe that begin "I believe that ...." are simply shorthand for, "Based on my knowledge, understanding, and interpretation of the prevailing evidence, I tentatively believe that...." For instance, when one says, "I believe that Lee Harvey Oswald shot John F. Kennedy," one is not asserting an absolute truth but a tentative belief based on interpretation of the assembled evidence. Even though one may set an alarm clock prior to the following day, believing that waking up will be possible, that belief is tentative, tempered by a small but finite degree of doubt (the alarm might break, or one might die before the alarm goes off).

Do Americans Appreciate Other Cultures?

By Michael Bloomberg

This essay is excerpted from the Living Book You Asked.

As mayor of New York, I’m proud to serve the world’s most international city, where more than 200 languages are spoken, and people from every imaginable background live side by side. Nearly 40 percent of New Yorkers were born in another country, and the immigrant experience remains central to our city’s identity. Generations of immigrants have been drawn to New York because of the economic opportunity the city has always offered, but also because of its cultural and religious freedom. They have come because they know that this is a place where diversity is not just tolerated — it is celebrated.

The Empire State Golden Arm (Wrestling) Tournament of Champions draws many ethnicities to join in serious but friendly competition.

The Empire State Golden Arm (Wrestling) Tournament of Champions draws many ethnicities to join in serious but friendly competition.

One of America’s most famous symbols is the Statue of Liberty, and it is fitting that it stands in the New York Harbor. Lady Liberty’s torch has lit the dreams of millions of immigrants, who have settled in every neighborhood. In New York, one can travel the world and sample cultures from every continent without ever leaving the city. Take a trip to Manhattan’s Chinatown or Koreatown, Little Pakistan in Jackson Heights, Little Italy in the Bronx, or Little Odessa in Brooklyn, and you’ll quickly see how true this is. Our incredible diversity makes this city one of the most energetic and exciting places to live, work, and visit. If you’ve never experienced it firsthand, I hope you will soon — it’s just one of the reasons we welcomed more than 47 million visitors last year alone.

Appreciation for other cultures comes naturally for people who grow up in this environment. Our children go to schools that resemble miniature United Nations, and they play sports with kids whose parents grew up on the opposite ends of the earth from their own. Many school children go home and speak languages other than English with their families, learning the traditions of their ancestors even as they contribute to a stronger future for America.

The principles of acceptance and appreciation are central not just to New York City, but to the whole nation. They’re implied in the motto on our nation’s seal: E pluribus unum — from many, one. The United States of America has for centuries served as the world’s second home, a living symbol of what can be achieved when tolerance, liberty, and equality are a nation’s guiding principles. We’re proud that, in the first years of the 21st century, this is more true than ever before. And as New Yorkers, we’re proud that our city remains a place where all the people of the world are welcomed with open arms.

Michael Bloomberg is New York City’s 108th mayor, elected in November 2001. He turned to public life after building a successful career in the city first on Wall Street and then as head of Bloomberg LP, a financial information publishing company.

what is federalism ?

You Asked: What Is Federalism?

Shared power, overlapping authority, conflict by design — and it works!

Legal immigrants in the United States take courses to prepare for tests they must pass to become citizens. Applicants must demonstrate understanding of complex concepts, such as federalism, to gain citizenship and the right to vote. Courses are offered by community groups, such as the Central American Resource Center in Washington, where this student reads about the three branches of government.

A student in a citizenship course reads about the three branches of government to prepare for tests on understanding America.

By the National Conference of State Legislatures

This essay is excerpted from the Living Book You Asked.

There is no more misunderstood political principle associated with U.S. government than federalism — a system based on sharing, overlapping and competing powers among all levels of government.

In the United States, the powers of government are divided between the central, or “federal,” government and the states. Within the federal government, authority is distributed among different branches of government. These relationships, ambiguous by design, can be a source of energy and tension in the U.S. system of government.

Through these connections, federalism supplies “checks and balances,” ensuring that local and state governments restrain the federal government from abusing its powers, and vice versa. In large part, the success of federalism at this level is a result of the creativity and innovation of the states.

At the national level, the U.S. Constitution provides for “checks and balances” through three governmental branches: the executive (the president and administration), the legislative or Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate), and the judicial (the courts). Because these three branches share powers, each can partially limit the powers of the other two.

For example, the Supreme Court can declare laws passed by Congress and signed by the president as unconstitutional, which means they are not valid. The Senate can refuse to confirm certain presidential appointments, and the president can veto — or reject — laws proposed by majorities of each house of Congress.

The strength of federalism is tested when state and federal laws conflict. For example, growing and using marijuana strictly for medical purposes is legal in 13 states, but it is against federal law. The U.S. Department of Justice, part of the executive (or administrative) branch, has ruled, however, that federal prosecutors in these 13 states need not prosecute people who are obeying the state laws.

Sometimes states enact laws that conflict with federal laws, such as laws about growing and using marijuana for medical purposes.

The government obtains three types of powers through the Constitution:

• Express powers — directly specified in the Constitution.
• Implied powers — not listed in the U.S. Constitution but implied through the necessary and proper clause in Article I, Section 8 (“The Congress shall have power to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution” its express powers).
• Inherent powers — natural powers of the national government to represent the country in relations with other countries.

For example, Article I, Section 10, of the U.S. Constitution says that states cannot form alliances with foreign governments, declare war, coin money, or impose taxes on imports or exports. Only the federal government has these powers.

Despite the limits on the states, the 10th Amendment to the Constitution says that states retain all powers not granted to the federal government: “The powers not delegated by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.” States have responsibility for these things:

• Regulating ownership of property.
• Educating residents.
• Implementing social benefit programs and distributing aid.
• Protecting people from local threats.
• Maintaining a state justice system.
• Setting up local governments.
• Maintaining state highways and ensuring management of local roads.
• Regulating industry.
• Raising money for state activities.

For example, Americans receive driving licenses from the state where they live, not from the federal government; proposals to issue identification cards at the national level have been controversial. Also, elections are conducted by the states, each applying its own rules and regulations. Residents of other countries often are surprised to learn that activities governed at the national level in much of the world are matters of state law in the United States.

Dynamic and evolving, the federal system is essential to democracy in the United States and to preserving the rights of Americans.

The National Conference of State Legislatures provides research, technical assistance and opportunities to help policymakers in the lawmaking legislatures in each of the 50 states exchange ideas on the most pressing state issues.

sejarah intelektual Amerika

hmmmm... begitu melihat judul bk ini ....
langsung tertarik untuk membacanya,
mungkin pengetahuan saya kurang tentang Negara paman Sam ini.. ..

setelah di bawa di rumah kurang lebih 2 minggu, saya tidak sempat menjamah dan menyentuh nih buku.... sedikit terabaikan...
maklum saya lagi kurang sehat ......

oleh karena itu,,, saya sempatkan membaca meskipun belum semua dan mereview ulasan intisarinya....


eksistensialisme

mempermasalahkan keberadaan manusia karena hanya manusialah yang beriksistensi.

puritanisme

gerakan politik dan agama yang berkembang di Inggris pada pertengahan abad ke 16 dan selanjutnya menyebarkan pengaruhnya di Amerika, khususnya koloni - koloni new england ( holman, et al, 1998:5). dari definisi ini diketahui bahwa puritanisme bukan saja gerakan agama , tetapi berkaitan juga dengan politik. warna politik ini nampak ketika fraksi puritan di Inggris bangkit dan menumbangkan monarki dalam perang saudara serta membentuk parlemen sebagai penguasa tertinggi di inggris ( Moor, 1996:24)

sosial darwinisme

dua ide pokok ( berjuang untuk hidup dan seleksi alam ) tersebut sangat mempengaruhi dengan cara berpikir orang - orang yang menduduki New land, amerika. Para imigran menuju ke Amerika untuk menetap, secara alami berjuang, berkompetisi untuk memperjuangkan kelangsungan hidupnya